Thermodynamics Background

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The Carnot cycle

800 K
300 K

1st law efficiency

050100
62.5%

2nd law efficiency

050100
100%

Heat in, QH

100 kJ

Work out, Wnet

62.5 kJ

ΔT (TH − TC)

500 K

Exergy in, ExH

62.5 kJ

Ref. environment: T0 = TC

Temperature–Entropy Diagram

sT800 K300 K1234

Top edge (1→2): isothermal heat addition at TH. Right edge (2→3): reversible adiabatic expansion. Bottom edge (3→4): isothermal heat rejection at TC. Left edge (4→1): reversible adiabatic compression.

Entropy Simulator

40/s

Microstate (dot positions)

Macrostate (density, DPS)

0140280

Boltzmann entropy, S = k ln W

S_max (equilibrium)857476steps (time)S / k = ln W

Step

0

Entropy S = k·lnW

475.8 k

Microstates W

≈ 10207